Solid Universe

Solid Photon Universe

Seeing the universe as a solid comprised primarily of photons, and how changes in compression and density of the solid universe may offer unification of the four forces.

 

 

Written and developed by:

Robert Grossman

Truckee, California

1 October 2010

 

 

Modern physics continues to attempt to answer the fundamental questions of the universe.  "What are we made off?", "How did it all start?", "Why are we all here?" are still valid questions for which answers are just beginning to unfold.  But there still remain many problems for which physics has yet to provide entirely satisfactory answers.

 

Where is the missing mass of the universe?  Why does light behave sometimes as particles, and sometimes as waves, and sometimes as both particles and waves? Why has classical physics not yet been unified with quantum physics?  How can the forces of electromagnetism, the strong force, weak force, and gravity all be combined into one unified force?  What determines the exact location of the event horizon of black holes? Why is the cosmic speed limit what it is, rather than some other speed? Why are orbital shells discrete distances from atomic nuclei?  Does space-time actually have a fabric, and what is it? Where is the end of the universe, and what happens outside it?  Why did the force of gravity taper off in relation to the electromagnetic force in the early big bang?  What can account for the missing mass of the universe?

 

This discussion will present some constructs based on a hypothetic universe, which is a solid comprised primarily of photons.   This "solid photon universe" model can be used to create explanations for many unanswered questions about how our universe operates.

 

 

The Universe as a Solid

 

Current observations hold that the universe is a largely void, empty space, occupied by the occasional galaxy.  Let us imagine something entirely different.  Let us suppose the universe, instead, is actually a solid, where every available space is taken up by something.  This notion reminds us of Einstein's cosmological constant and his one time notion the universe might be filled with an ether (aether). 

 

In this very different solid photon universe, let us imagine that every available space is taken up by photons.  One way to visualize this is to imagine the universe is like a solid block of steel, only slightly different.  In this solid universe filled with photons, there is no empty space.  There is no empty space between galaxies, there is no empty space between stars, or planets, or grains of sand, or atoms, or between atomic nuclei and electrons.  Perhaps there is not even any empty space between quarks. 

Every available space in the universe is occupied by a particle of some kind, either matter, antimatter, or non-matter, but mostly by photons.  In such a universe, one can quickly see that almost every particle in the universe must be a photon.  Atoms, people, planets, stars and galaxies can be seen as minor anomalies or perturbations in this solid universe.

 

In the solid photon universe, as we shall see later, the fabric of the "space" part of space-time, are photons.  This discussion will examine how the compression or density of this solid universe can vary from location to location.  The terms "photon density" and "compression" will apply to localized regions of the solid universe that are more or less densely packed with photons.  Regions of high photon density or compression are areas of the universe where the solid is much more densely packed, so that the photons occupying that region are more compressed together, somewhat like the air in a scuba tank.

 

Propagation of Light

Physics currently observes that light is propagated by waves, in a duality that has photons also taking particle form, when necessary.  Do individual photons travel?   In current theory, photons may travel from the source to the destination.  This presents some problems.  Let's say that only one photon travels from point A to point B.  If an observer where positioned at point C, which does not lie upon the path from A to B, would that observer detect the photon as it traveled along its path?  We would say yes, because that single photon generates a wave which propagates in all directions.  How does a single photon generate a wave of many, many photons?  If this were the case, then every photon contained within every wave would endlessly propagate more waves, and an impossible infinite wave situation would arise very quickly.   

 

But if the universe were a solid, composed, again, predominantly of photons, the individual photons do not travel from point A to B.  If they moved at all, they would move just enough to propagate the wave.  In this model, only the wave travels, not the individual photons. The total movement or displacement of each photon would be dependent upon the frequency and amplitude of the wave being generated.

 

Imagine a steel rod, a very long steel rod.  A hammer taps one end of the bar, and an observer at the far end of the bar detects the tap.  A transverse wave has just propagated through the solid medium, and emerged at the other end, not much diminished in amplitude.  Do the atoms in the steel bar at one end travel through the bar to the other end? No, they do not.  Only the wave travels the distance from point A to point B.  The actual atoms in the bar do move a little, only as necessary to propagate the wave.

 

If the universe were a solid, light would propagate in much the same manner as a wave through a steel bar, or as waves in the ocean.  And much like the ocean, in the solid universe, waves of every description, of every conceivable amplitude and wavelength, are traveling through the solid universe in all directions, all the time.

 

Like the steel bar, waves are traveling through the medium at a given velocity.  For a steel rod the velocity of a wave is dependent upon the physical characteristics of the medium, its density, temperature, the type of atoms it contains. For the solid photon universe, wave velocity is 3.0x10¹⁰ cm/s.  But it is not always that speed.

 

A solid photon universe model would predict that if photons were squeezed together, or compressed, more densely in a particular region of space, then the speed, amplitude, and frequency of light waves would change.  It would predict that in areas of higher photon compression, higher frequencies and lower amplitudes of light would propagate through that region of the solid universe, and in only that compressed region.  It would predict that, as the compression of a region of space increases, wavelengths would continue to get shorter and shorter, and amplitudes would continue to decrease, until, at a region of space that approaches infinite compression, wavelengths would be infinitely small and amplitude infinitely small. In such a region, light propagation tapers off to zero.

 

So, what could compress regions of the solid photon universe such that photons could no longer support waves? Black holes, for one. 


Photon Fabric and Gravity

 

One conclusion of the solid photon universe model is that gravity is a consequence of a solid "photon fabric".  Imagine that the photons in the solid photon universe are "sticky", or exhibit some "surface tension" as a result of each photon's individual spin and polarity.  In other words, the quantum state of one photon in relation to its neighbors keeps it tightly bound to its neighbors.  A photon does not really have a surface, so there is no actual surface tension, but the idea is that since the universe is filled with densely packed photons, each photon interacts with its neighbors, much like water molecules do in the ocean, and much like the previous example of the steel bar.

 

If we can then further imagine that these sticky photons also interact with the matter that is contained within a region of space, it can be imagined that a solid photon medium would cause matter to adhere.  Essentially in this scenario, photons act as electrostatic attractants, or glue.  Given enough energy, particles or their constituent parts can certainly break free of the glue. But the dense web of photons acts to hold particles together.

 

It follows, too, that in regions of space where the solid photon medium is more highly compressed, gravity is stronger.  The more compressed the region of space, the stronger gravity is in relation to the electromagnetic force.  It would be expected then, in the center of a black hole, gravity would (like the early universe) have a strength approaching the electromagnetic force.

 

But it is not just the density of the region of space that counts.  It is the density of the region per unit of volume.  So a region of space with very high density occupying a very small volume, like, say, an atomic nucleus or an individual neutron, would have a very high gravitational force acting upon it.

 

Take a small atom, like lithium, for example. It has a dense core, the nucleus, but the whole atom with its compliment of electrons occupies a much larger region of space.  The compression of that region of the solid photon universe around the entire lithium atom can be seen to be just dense enough for the force of G to hold the electrons in their orbits about the atom.  The compression of that region of the solid photon universe around just the nucleus is much more dense, so the force of G is strong enough to glue the protons and neutrons together.  The need for gluons in current quantum physics can be replaced by the idea that it is the compression of an area of the solid universe in the vicinity of one proton that causes the force of G to hold together the proton and it constituent quarks. 

 

In other words, the strong force and gravity are one and the same.  Gravity apparently weakens compared to the strong force when the compression of the universe is spread throughout a larger volume.  

 

It would then follow that in any region of the universe where G is very high, like in the region occupied by a proton, any waves propagating through the region would have higher frequencies and lower amplitudes.  Thus, the energy necessary to separate constituent parts of the proton would be very high.  One could say the quarks are held together by gravity, or the strong force.  In this universe it is all the same thing.

 

If G = gravitational force (also strong force), and D = the compression of a region of the solid universe, and V = the volume of space taken up by the object or particle, then

 

G = D/V

 

Since the energy required to break apart any particle or object is in direct relationship to the density of the volume of the solid photon universe in that region, it follows that,

 

E_s = D_p / V_p,

 

where E_s = the energy needed to separate particle held together by G, and D_p = the density of the solid photon universe in the region of the particle, and V_p = the volume of the region occupied by the particle.

Unification of the Four Forces

The four forces, as we see them now, operate in different environments.  We see gravity as different from the strong force, different from the weak force, and different that electromagnetism, (although electromagnetism and the weak forces have been combined into the electroweak force). But, in the solid photon universe model, these forces have one thing in common.  They keep certain regions of the universe in contact with other regions of the universe. The forces are the connective tissue of the universe. 

 

In the solid photon universe model, the density or compression of photons within a region of the universe affects the strength (density) of gravity.  In this scenario, higher compression equals stronger gravitational force.  Different areas of compression within areas of the universe will have differing levels of force binding the matter contained within that specific region.  So the force holding protons together, or atoms together, or galaxies together is an expression of the compression of that region of the universe containing the objects to be bound together.

 

The strong force, weak force, electromagnetism, and gravity, then can all be viewed as one and the same force.  If the stickiness or surface tension of the solid photon medium binds things together, and if the strength of the binding power is relative to the density or compression of that region of the universe, then the binding force is dependent upon how massive the object relative to how much space the object occupies.

 

With a solid photon universe, only one binding force is necessary to account for all of the communication between particles.  Photons, packed as a solid, and occupying the entire universe, becomes the actual physical fabric that binds the universe, and all its constituent parts, together. 

Expanding Universe

 

 

 

 

In the earliest moments of the universe, we can assume that the universe started out as being very close to infinitely dense. Things loosened up a bit as the universe began to expand. In the solid photon model of the universe, this very highly compressed region of space consisted of very densely packed photons squeezed in with a little bit of matter and antimatter. 

As the universe expanded in the first few moments after the big bang, this dense region of photons could propagate only the most unimaginably high frequencies of waveforms, which would reverberate throughout the solid.  As the universe continued to expand, the wavelengths propagated through the photon medium were able to grow longer and support higher amplitudes.  This scenario suggests the early universe was a very dark place, beginning to fill with the light of electromagnetic spectra only after many femtoseconds had passed.

 

It is currently thought that in the earliest moments of the universe, the force of gravity was equally as strong as the electromagnetic force.  Somewhere along the line, gravity subsided in strength, yielding to the more powerful electromagnetic forces.  But why should this be?  

In the solid photon universe model, the density or compression of the photons in space is equivalent to the strength of the gravitational force in that region.  This point will be further examined later. If a solid comprised of photons is the creator of gravity, then an explanation of the differences between the strength of gravity and the electromagnetic forces during the formation of the early universe becomes possible.

 

One can look at the vast expanses of the universe as it appears today.  It has a relatively uniform density, with a few anomalies; galaxies and atoms.  Since the universe is solid, how and why does it continue to expand?

 

The initial energy provided at the big bang was substantial, enough to kick start the process.  The universe expanded to the point where matter could coalesce. The expanded universe supported the propagation of electromagnetic energy throughout its volume. Matter formed and started producing huge quantities of photons.  Since, in this model, the universe is a solid made of photons, the new photons pouring out of the newly formed stars and galaxies could only do one thing, and that is to force the solid universe to grow, to expand its volume by virtue of the continuous outpouring of high-compression regions within the universe.  There apparently is no hard edge or border to the universe to confine it.  If it had, then the photons pouring out of stars and galaxies would have increased the overall compression of the universe, like filling a scuba tank and compressing the air. 

 

If the universe had been confined within borders, then eventually the solid universe would have become so compressed that the resulting gravitational forces may have been able to pull the universe back together in on itself, causing eventual self annihilation.

 

But that did not happen.  Without borders, the universe expanded and cooled.  The current overall density of the solid photon universe can be seen in how fast light travels.  When the universe was younger and more compressed, no doubt the cosmic speed limit was different. Some day, it may be possible to detect the longest wavelengths which surely reverberate throughout the universe.  Is there a resonant frequency to the universe?  In the solid photon universe model, there probably is, and the wavelength would be one-half the longest distance in the universe.

 

If the universe has no contained border, what happens at the far edges of the universe?  One possibility is that the solid universe become less and less compressed toward the far edges.  If that were true, electromagnetic frequencies and amplitudes would increase.   We could never see that from here, because we are still looking through regions of the universe that are much more compressed than the farthest reaches of the universe.  We might only be able to detect a difference in frequencies if we were able to travel to those farthest outlying areas.   Even if we could travel that far, the astronauts and the ship might become less and less compressed, just like the compression of that area of the universe. In that case, things might appear relatively the same. 

At some point towards the absolute far edges of the universe, the overall compression of the universe would be so low, that the now-unified four forces would no longer have the force necessary to hold galaxies, or planets, or astronauts, or atoms, or protons, or even elementary particles together. 

 

When the forces can no longer keep elementary particles together, the photon fabric of space-time unwinds, or more likely, fades subtly away.  No waves, no light, no particles.

 

Behavior of Black Holes

 

Where regions of the universe are more highly compressed, like in the vicinity of stars, black holes or within protons, the space-time fabric of the solid photon universe distorts. Compressed regions of the universe have stronger binding forces.  The photons have become much more sticky.  Visualizing this is probably unlike the two-dimensional representations we are used to seeing of warped space-time.

 

With the nucleus of an atom, which is relatively dense compared to its volume, that region of the universe is very compressed. G forces (or now, the "Universal Force") is very high.  Within a volume of gas, the region of the universe is not so dense relative to its volume.  The solid photon universe in the region of gases and planets is less compressed, and solid photons are less sticky.  The G forces keeping the gas molecules milling around each other are weaker.

 

Waves propagate through this solid universe.  The solid photon universe model  suggests that denser areas of the universe would propagate light at shorter frequencies and smaller amplitudes.

 

How does that affect the behavior of black holes?  Today, most representations made by physics text books represent that gravity is so strong at the center of black holes, that not even light can escape.  That sounds entirely plausible, especially if photons have mass.  However, the solid photon universe model looks at black holes differently.

 

First, a black hole, in the solid photon universe model, qualifies as a very dense, compressed region of space, and it is contained within a relatively small volume of universe.  In the solid photon universe model, however, light is not prevented from escaping the clutches of gravity. It makes no sense that if photons were massless, that gravity could have any affect on them at all.  But photons are said to have momentum, which, to the classical physicist, would imply mass.   At any rate, in the solid photon universe model, it is not gravity that is preventing light from escaping a black hole, regardless of whether  photons have mass or not.  The solid photon universe model does not require photons to have mass, although I will later present a scenario for photons that do carry mass.  It does require the regions of the universe that are more compressed to cause wavelengths propagated through that region of the universe to get shorter, and to approach zero as compression climbs to infinity.

 

As one gets closer to the center of the black hole, the region of the universe become more and more highly compressed.  The more highly compressed the region of space, the smaller the amplitude and shorter the frequency of light.  At some point on the way to the center of the black hole, the waves of light would have such short wavelengths, and such diminished amplitude, that they become undetectable.    That region is the event horizon.  Beyond the event horizon, inside the black hole, light is not held within or prevented from escaping, because there are no light waves being generated.  The waves on the "inside" of the event horizon have become infinitely short, and of infinitely small amplitude.

 

As a result, one would not expect to see a sharply defined event horizon at a black hole, as is currently suspected.  In the solid photon universe model, light waves gradually subside as the event horizon is approached from outside the black hole, as wavelengths approach zero. 

 

In the solid photon universe model, the early universe was much like a black hole.  The entire universe, such that it was, was so highly compressed, that no light waves were generated, at least for a short while.  The first few moments of the big bang were dark.

 

 

Universe's Missing Mass

 

Current calculations of the suspected mass of the universe are not supported by observations of mas that is visible.  The search for dark matter continues.   The solid photon universe model offers a possible solution. 

 

In our current view of physics, photons contain no mass, yet do have momentum.  Since momentum is the equivalent of mass times acceleration, that would seem contradictory.  But photons cannot have mass, because having mass would prevent them from traveling at the speed of light. At the speed of light, a photon's mass must approach infinite, and that cannot happen.

 

However, in the solid photon universe, photons are different entirely.  In this model, photons are allowed to have some mass, and they are not allowed to travel at the speed of light.  In fact, they may not actually travel very far at all.  It is the waves propagated by photons that do not have any mass.  And it is the waves, and only the waves, that are allowed to travel at the speed of light.  In this sense, photons are wave carriers.  An analog to this would be the water molecules in the ocean as waves travel through the water.  The molecules themselves do not travel very far or fast, but waves themselves can travel very quickly.

 

If we can let photons, but not electromagnetic radiation (waves), have some mass, then a significant amount of extra mass becomes apparent in the universe.  Since there is no good answer for the rest mass of a photon, let us plug in a hypothetical rest mass based on derivations from Einstein's cosmological constant, given by

 

m_o = h/c ×  square root of ?

 

where m_o = rest mass of a photon, h = plank's constant, c = 3.0 x 10¹⁰ cm/s, and ? = cosmological constant.  Plugging in these values reveals a lower limit of about 3.5 x 10^-67g, and an upper limit of about 3.0 x 10^-48 g, per photon.

 

How many photons, then, fill the solid universe? If an average gamma ray photon of about 0.511 MeV is about 6.12 x 10^-13 meters can be considered average, (there is no measurement for the volume of a photon that I could find), and the universe has  a radius of 70 billion light years (it may be more or less), and there are (according to the above size of a photon) 229 x 10³⁹ photons per cubic meter,  or 1.95 x 10⁹⁵ photons per cubic light year,  then there would be about 6.8  x 10²⁸ grams of missing mass per cubic light year.  Given the volume of the universe, that could equate to a reasonable amount of missing mass. 

 

However, given the breadth of the electromagnetic spectra, it may not be possible to know if there is an average size value for a photon's rest mass.  The point remains that in the solid photon universe model, photons are allowed to have some mass, photons do not travel at the speed of light, while electromagnetic waves do  not have mass, and do travel at the speed of light. 

 

If then, photons have mass, spin, polarization and momentum, it can be understood how photons, packed together in a solid photon universe, can have stickiness or surface tension.

 

 

Particles Vs. Waves

 

As in the double slit experiment, photons seemingly exhibit a duality of existence, both as waves and as particles. The solid photon universe model removes the need for this duality. 

In this model, photons exist in a solid matrix.  They have mass, spin, polarity, and momentum, but they do not move very far.  Waves propagate through the photons, with the photons serving only as the carriers of such waves.  Waves are not composed of photons, but propagated by them.  The waves are massless, and are free to move at the speed of light.  The exact velocity at which these waves travel is a function of the relative compression of the universe within the region that the waves are traveling.

When one photon is excited to travel through a double slit, and then form an interference pattern on the detector, in the solid universe model, the photon is not being propelled forward.  It is only the wave being propelled forward.  In this sense, every experience we have of the electromagnetic spectra is driven by waves, but carried by photons. This model permits photons only to carry waves, but does not allow photons to be waves in and of themselves.

When a waveform strikes a detector, it is the wave that confers the energy upon the target, with the photon being the medium through which the wave is delivered.  The double slit experiment shows that photons are the carriers of waves.  Even if one photon is exited, that photon helps deliver the wave, which is propagated along, photon by photon, with each individual photons hardly moving itself, but contributing to the flow of energy in the wave.  

 

The initial energy of the big bang, was, in short order, spread out over a large volume.  That initial energy of the big bang has, of course, has been conserved.  It is contained in every wave propagating throughout the universe, from the smallest waves of quarks, to the resonant frequency waves spanning the breadth of the universe, as well as in the form of matter, from which energy was converted.   In the solid universe model, it follows that some of the energy of the universe was converted to mass, and the rest of the universe remained as energy, represented by waves, and carried by photons.    

Electron Shells

In modern models of physics and chemistry, electrons occupy discrete orbital (and energy) states, around atomic nuclei.  The solid photon universe model also offers an alternative explanation of why this might be so. 

 

 

 

 

As discussed earlier, the compression of a particular region of the universe determines the wavelength and amplitude of waves.  This applies equally to the region within the nucleus of an atom.  As waves are propagated within the nucleus of the atom, and outward through the universe, standing waves are formed.  The wavelengths of these standing waves are a function not only of the energy state of the atom, but also how compressed the universe is within the region of the nucleus.  Denser atomic nuclei will have larger, more compressed regions surrounding them.  The standing waves surrounding the nucleus provide stabilized regions of high compression and low compression. 

 

Electrons are attracted to the positive charges of the protons in the nuclei.  However, in the solid universe model, the standing waves radiating out from the nucleus of the atom provide the force which prevents the electron from meeting the nucleus. Essentially, the electron is stuck in the trough of the standing wave. If energy is added to the system, the force of the standing waves increase, forcing the electron out to the next available compression trough, out to the next available position in the orbital shells.  When the increased energy of that electron is released, the electron overcomes the force of that trough, and is again driven toward the nucleus, until the force of the closer compression trough of the standing wave is sufficient to hold if off.  

 

If it would be possible to squeeze or condense the region of an atomic nucleus, without adding any protons and without increasing the volume of space occupied by the nucleus, the solid photon universe model would predict a change in the standing waves around the nucleus, and thus a shift in the number or energy states of attendant electrons.

 

In the solid photon universe model, every region of space has an associated value of compression or density.  Each region of space generates waveforms whose amplitude and wavelength are dependent upon the compression of that region.  From the region of the universe surrounding each elementary particle, each individual quark, to the entire expanse of the universe, each region carries waves determined by the overall compression of that region.

 

 
Edge of the Universe

In the solid photon universe model, there should exist no discrete edge of the universe.  The density or compression of space would be seen to slowly dissipate as the far edges of the universe are approached.  Lower compression in these regions would equate to an increasingly lower value of the four (now united) forces.  As the compression of the universe subsides, the forces responsible for the propagation of waves and for holding matter together also subside.

 

Where the compression is so low that waves can no longer be propagated at all, time no longer has any useful meaning.  Without waves, there would be fewer and fewer elementary particle milling about, and certainly no more atoms.  The exact edge of this universe cannot be determined to any certainty, any more than the exact edge of the gas envelope surrounding the Earth can be determined.

 

As mass continually gets converted to energy in the form of photons, the universe continues to expand like a water balloon.  Since the universe is a solid in this model, the conversion of mass to photons increases localized regions of compression, eventually expanding space-time.  As stars and galaxies continue to burn out, this model would predict that at some point the universe will stop forcing more photons into the solid.  Once this happens, several scenarios are possible.  One is that the universe can continue to expand until all of the initial energy of the big bang has dissipated to a point where the stickiness of the photons are just able to hold themselves together.  In this scenario, the universe reaches an eventual stasis, and neither expand nor contracts.

 

Another possibility is that regions within the universe that are more highly compressed, like black holes,  eventually attract and consume all available matter within their particular sphere of influence. The universe would then be comprised only of far flung supermassive black holes that contain all the energy of the matter consumed by them.  Eventually, even these far flung black holes would attract each other, since their values of G would be so high.  These black holes would eventually combine to suck all the remaining energy of the universe back to a point of singularity, similar to the starting point of the original big bang.   Space-time would contract right along with the matter in the universe.

 

A third scenario is also possible. As the far flung black holes assimilate enough matter and energy, the space-time surrounding the black holes could tear.  If regions of the universe tore free, then electromagnetic energy (or any of the unified forces) would not be able to communicate with other torn away regions.  This would mean that the supermassive black holes would no longer have any way of coming together, because there would be no space-time between them to carry any G force.  The fragmented units of space-time would, in effect, become many different discrete universes, with each containing only one supermassive black hole.  This would imply that a stasis might be reached, where all remaining universes exist without further expansion or contraction, and without contact or connection to any other universe.

 

Most Elementary Particle

 

As higher energy particle accelerators are built, physicist are discovering ever more elementary building blocks to matter.  The solid photon universe model predicts a "most elementary" particle, of sorts.  As within the event horizon of a black hole, regions of very high compression contained within very small volumes of space have the effect of decreasing the wavelengths that can successfully propagate through that region. At some point, when the compression approaches infinitely high, then wavelengths would approach infinitely short.

 

One would expect the same to hold true for elementary particles, as they become smaller and smaller.  The smaller the particle, the more compressed the region of the universe, and the greater the force of G holding the particle together.  At the same time, wavelengths approach infinitely short. The most elementary particles would be found at the limits where minimum wavelength and maximum compression density (and G forces) meet.

 

 

Other Affects of a Solid Photon Universe

 

One other consequence to the solid photon universe model is the possibility to supply space travelers with a normal gravity environment on their spacecraft.

 

This model has suggested that regions of the universe with higher compression will have higher G.  So the most obvious method to supply gravitational force to astronauts would be to supply a self-contained region of very high compression.  Bose-Einstein condensates may lead the way to providing more highly compressed regions of space, in take-along package.

 

This model also suggests a method of high speed travel.  Relativity physics assures us that travel at the speed of light is off limits.  As a body approaches the speed of light, its mass necessarily increases to infinity, as does the power necessary for acceleration.  In the solid photon universe model, not even photons can travel at the speed of light, since they likely contain some mass.  Only the massless waves themselves are allowed to travel at that speed.  
 

If one wished to accelerate a body to near the speed of light, a region of highly compressed space-time could be continuously formed directly in front of the traveling body.  Compressing a region of universe would have the effect of increasing G, thus attracting any mass to that region. 


Conclusions

 

 

 

 

If there can be found supportive evidence for the concept that the universe is a solid filled with photons, then many other physical phenomena observed today might accounted for by alternate explanations.  Additionally, a paradigm shift in how we view physical reality on both the universal scale and the subatomic scale can bring new discoveries about our universe, that might otherwise have gone unnoticed or unexplored.

 

 

Copyrighted Material

 

This writing and the concepts contained here is the copyrighted property of Robert Grossman.  No portion of this writing may be copied, altered, distributed, or disseminated by any means, physical or electronic, without express written permission of Robert Grossman.

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